Kahlil Gibran Collective

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Amani Jebali, "Exile in Ameen Rihani‘s The Book of Khalid", Université de Nantes, July 2017.
Amani Jebali, "Exile in Ameen Rihani‘s The Book of Khalid", Université de Nantes, July 2017. 
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In this research, I intended to focus on Ethnic American literature. Among the Hispanic-American, African-American, or Jewish-American communities, there is also one that thrived into the American society and produced its own exceptional literary creations. Indeed, I am taking into consideration the Arab-American populace as one of the important components of the American cosmopolitan society. Arab-Americans travelled from the Levant to the United States in search for peace and in order to escape all of the religious and political persecutions that ravaged the Arab world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under the disgraceful violations of tyrannical powers. Crossing seas, abandoning families and leaving behind a life and a home was not an option nor a choice for these newcomers. They saw in the United States a place where their troubles would come to an end, and where their self-respect can be restored through work. Arab- American settlers brought to life their artistic fervour, their music, and their literature. The latter first started to thrive in the early Twentieth Century. It created a captivating mixture between the American and Arab cultures. In fact, each ethnic community has its memories, and still survives thanks to its original heritage; and each category still breathes in the remnants of its initial homeland. That is why I chose to introduce and understand one of the major Arab-American literary productions, whether in volume, form, or theme. Thus, in this thesis, my focal point will be The Book of Khalid, by Lebanese-American writer Ameen Rihani, who belongs to the first wave of Arab-American immigrants –started in 1880 and ended in 1924. This book was first published in New York in 1911 and was initially received by an American readership. Although it examined both Arab and American concerns through its archaic English embroidered by some terms in the Arabic language reflecting Arab concerns, it mostly handled the journey of a certain Lebanese Khalid, who travels to America, and then comes back to Greater Syria in a futile attempt to connect his Levant to his New York, and to link the skyscrapers to the Cedars. The book‘s structure is quite intricate and unique. Indeed, it is divided into three books: To Man, to Nature, and to God. It is also introduced as a lost manuscript in a library in Cairo by the narrator. The reader is told that an Editor weaved its lost pieces to make a coherent story. Within the Book of Khalid, a testimony from his long-time friend Shakib entitled the Histoire Intime is included to bolster the events in Khalid‘s life. Finally, the Editor of the book—to reinforce his criticism-- does not hesitate to give his own personal opinion about Khalid‘s experiences and different adventures. Rihani‘s Khalid is also characterized by humour and satire. It is also highly poetical and fraught with references to poets, philosophers, and historical places. Thus, this research will analyze the physical and mental exile of the protagonist along with its political and religious manifestations, essentially on the intellectual level. Exile was distinctly destructive and emotionally deteriorating, especially for Khalid, who incarnated Rihani‘s own image of a writer and philosopher who relentlessly fought to enlighten the two peoples and pave for them away for fruitful communication rather than for a clash. Thus, Rihani, in this book, created Khalid to explain his vision of a world where perpetual exile is the fate of a Lebanese-American, unless the ―West‖ and the ―East‖ are fused together in an attempt at destroying invisible barriers and at building a universal home where humanity is each person‘s motto.
 
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Amani Jebali, "Transcendence in The Book of Khalid and The Book of Mirdad", Université de Nantes, 2018.

Amani Jebali, "Transcendence in The Book of Khalid and The Book of Mirdad", Université de Nantes, 2018. 

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Ameen Rihani [Amīn Fāris al-Rīḥānī], Ilà Jubrān [To Gibran], Hutāf al-awdiyah: shiʻr manthūr [Hymn of the Valleys: Prose Poems], Bayrūt: Dār al-Rīḥānī lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr, 1955, pp. 123-136.

Ameen Rihani [Amīn Fāris al-Rīḥānī], Ilà Jubrān [To Gibran], Hutāf al-awdiyah: shiʻr manthūr [Hymn of the Valleys: Prose Poems], Bayrūt: Dār al-Rīḥānī lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr, 1955, pp. 123-136.

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Ameen Rihani, Qussati ma' Mayy (My Story with May Ziyadah), Beirut: The Arab Institute for Research and Publication, 1980.

Ameen Rihani, Qussati ma' Mayy (My Story with May Ziyadah), Beirut: The Arab Institute for Research and Publication, 1980.

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Ameen Rihani, The Book of Khalid, Illustrated by Kahlil Gibran, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1911.

"The Book of Khalid" by Ameen Rihani is considered to be the first novel by an Arab-American writer in English. The story is often seen as an influence on Kahlil Gibran's "The Prophet." The novel is divided into three books, dedicated in order 'to Man,' 'to Nature,' and 'to God.' Each section begins and ends with an illustration by Gibran, who is also the author of the Arabic calligraphy on the frontispiece of the book ('Kitab Khalid, 1911').

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Ameen Rihani: Biography and Intellectual Achievements, Freike, Lebanon: The Rihani Museum Office of Research and Studies (RiMORS), 2021.
Ameen Rihani: Biography and Intellectual Achievements, Freike, Lebanon: The Rihani Museum Office of Research and Studies (RiMORS), 2021. 
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Critics, The Syrian World, 2, 10, April 1928, p. 34

Critics, The Syrian World, 2, 10, April 1928, p. 34 [digitized by the Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA].

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Esteban Fayad, "Alto relieve de la cultura libanesa: Gibrán Jalil Gibrán y Amin Rihani, valores inmortales del pensamiento", Mundo Árabe, Jan 20, 1950, p. 9.

Esteban Fayad, "Alto relieve de la cultura libanasa: Gibrán Jalil Gibrán y Amin Rihani, valores inmortales del pensamiento", Mundo Árabe, Jan 20, 1950, p. 9.

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Esteban Fayad, "El Libano: y sus grandes Escritores", Mundo Árabe, Mar 19, 1954, p. 11.

Esteban Fayad, "El Libano: y sus grandes Escritores", Mundo Árabe, Mar 19, 1954, p. 11.

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Esteban Fayad, "Gibran Khalil Gibran y Amin Rihani", Mundo Árabe, Jun 30, 1947, p. 10.

Esteban Fayad, "Gibran Khalil Gibran y Amin Rihani", Mundo Árabe, Jun 30, 1947, p. 10.

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Esteban Fayad, "Panegirico a la memoria de Gibran", Mundo Árabe, Jun 14, 1957, p. 9.
Esteban Fayad, "Panegirico a la memoria de Gibran", Mundo Árabe, Jun 14, 1957, p. 9.
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Esteban Fayad, "Poder taumatúrgico de las palabras", Mundo Árabe, Aug 19, 1949, p. 9.

Esteban Fayad, "Poder taumatúrgico de las palabras", Mundo Árabe, Aug 19, 1949, p. 9. 

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Francesco Medici, "Juhan’s Jihad and the Blond Beast: Ameen Rihani between Islamic Doctrine and Nietzschean Perspective" Louaize Press, 2017, pp. 364-411.

Francesco Medici, "Juhan’s Jihad and the Blond Beast: Ameen Rihani between Islamic Doctrine and Nietzschean Perspective", in "Axes in the Philosophy of Ameen al Rihani" (Maḥāwir fī falsafat Amīn al-Rīḥānī), Beirut: Notre Dame University - Louaize Press, 2017, pp. 364-411.

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George Nicolas El-Hage, "A Journey in the Company of the Philosopher of Freike: Ameen al-Rihani", Aqlam, issue 5, April 2022, pp. 6-25.
George Nicolas El-Hage, "A Journey in the Company of the Philosopher of Freike: Ameen al-Rihani", Aqlam, issue 5, April 2022, pp. 6-25. 
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Letter from Ameen Rihani to Yusuf Huwayyik (July 20, 1910)
Letter from Ameen Rihani to Yusuf Huwayyik (July 20, 1910) 
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Ameen Rihani comments on Yusuf Huwayyik's book on Gibran.
Source: Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies/Ameen Rihani Organization
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Letters from Charlotte Teller to Ameen Rihani

Letters from Charlotte Teller to Ameen Rihani 1910-1912c (33 letters) 

Source: Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies/Ameen Rihani Organization

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Marco Roncalli, "Poesie e primavere arabe", Corriere della Sera, Mar 6, 2014, p. 11

Marco Roncalli, "Poesie e primavere arabe", Corriere della Sera, Mar 6, 2014, p. 11 

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Mohammad Shahidul Islam, "Ameen Rihani: Founder of Mahjari Literature", The Arts Faculty Journal, Dhaka University, Vol, 3, Nos. 4 & 5 July 2008-June 2010.

Mohammad Shahidul Islam, "Ameen Rihani: Founder of Mahjari Literature", The Arts Faculty Journal, Dhaka University, Vol, 3, Nos. 4 & 5 July 2008-June 2010. 

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Ameen Rihani (1876-1940) was a Lebanese-born Christian Arab and a prominent member of the al-Mahjar (Emigrant) school of modern Arabic literature and thought. His literary ventures covered the novel, short story, essay, poetry, biography, travel writing and translation. This Lebanese-American writer, philosopher and political activist devoted his life to bringing the East and West together in the first half of the twentieth century. Through his early literary activity in the United States, he made a highly significant contribution to Arabic essay writing and to the development of modern Arabic poetry. Being a critic of Arabic poetry and the first one to write prose poetry in Arabic, he earned himself the title ‘Father of Prose Poetry’. He is also the first Arab American to write in English, and so-known as the founding father of ‘Arab-American literature’. The aim of this article is to highlight the contribution of Ameen Rihani, especially in Mahjar literature.
 
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Suheil B. Bushrui, "The First Arab Novel in English: The Book of Khalid", Odisea, no 14, 2013, pp. 27-36.

Suheil B. Bushrui, "The First Arab Novel in English: The Book of Khalid", Odisea, no 14, 2013, pp. 27-36. 

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Waïl S. Hassan, "The rise of Arab-American literature: Orientalism and cultural translation in the work of Ameen Rihani", American Literary History, Volume 20, Issue 1-2, Spring-Summer 2008, pp. 245-275.
Waïl S. Hassan, "The rise of Arab-American literature: Orientalism and cultural translation in the work of Ameen Rihani", American Literary History, Volume 20, Issue 1-2, Spring-Summer 2008, pp. 245-275.